“The President Has Been Shot” the Assassination of John F....

â€Å"The President Has Been Shot† the Assassination of John F. Kennedy tells the story of one of the most horrifying events in American history. James L. Swanson takes the reader through the events leading up to the assassination and depicts the sunny, Texas afternoon on November 22, 1963 with dramatic details and an impeccable perspective. Born in Brookline, Massachusetts in May of 1917, Kennedy remains the youngest man ever elected president of the United States. John, known to friends as Jack, had a powerful family background. His maternal grandfather was the former mayor of Boston and his father served in FDR’s administration. Kennedy himself had a strong military past before running for the House of Representatives in 1946, later†¦show more content†¦Swanson also greatly depicts the murderer, Lee Harvey Oswald and his precise plan for killing the president. The killing occurred during the President’s motorcade through downtown Dallas, as it lead straight to Oswald’s work. â€Å"President Kennedy did not like it when his bodyguards rode on the car because he thought it made him look less approachable to the people (page 95).† Sitting in the car was Jackie to his left, the driver, and the Texas governor in the front. Oswald shot two bullets before successfully slicing through JFKà ¢â‚¬â„¢s hair, making a hole in his scalp, perforating his skull. The book continues telling the events of actions taken after his murder, including Jackie’s distress, the funeral, and his burying. I thoroughly enjoyed this book, as it went into great detail on various events and the thoughts of each of the people involved. It was an easy book to follow, which can be hard with a book that covers so much information. I would definitely recommend this to another US History student or someone that enjoys learning about not only history, but life changing events, such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy. I was very interested in John F. Kennedy and his death after watching the movie on Lifetime that Mrs. Macioce wanted us to watch earlier in the year. I decided to choose this book to further my knowledge on the topic, especially since we have recently learned about mentionedShow MoreRelatedThe Kennedy Assasination Mysteries Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kennedy Assasination Mysteries The Kennedy assassination was a huge part of the 1960s. It still is today due to the lack of information. This lack of information has caused the real truth to become hazy. There are numerous books, web sites, and reports that are filled with stories of conspiracy and lies that were supposedly involved in the Kennedy assassination. This is one of those papers. However, this paper is committed to the research of the truth. The truth being that Lee HarveyRead MoreThe Assassination of John F Kennedy1477 Words   |  6 PagesAssassination Like anything of importance, there is absolutely no way that everyone will ever agree on the circumstances surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The theories are as diverse as the outcomes of investigations conducted at the time of his assassination and continuing to present day. There are many who resolutely believe that Lee Harvey Oswald was a deranged lone gunman with no ties whatsoever to any other person or organization with regard to Kennedys murder. In factRead MoreKennedy Won The Democratic Convention953 Words   |  4 PagesRowe funded Humphrey’s campaign in hopes that Humphrey would defeat John F. Kennedy. Moreover, Rowe thought that this would lead to Johnson’s path of the presidency (Peters, P. 62) However; it was too late because Kennedy was dominating the presidential nominations. Instead, Johnson was relying on his running mate Humphrey to win the Democratic Convention. Ultimately, Johnson hoped that Humphrey would choose him to be his vice president if Humphrey won the Democratic Convention. Johnson believed thatRead MoreCauses and Effects of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesliterally shot for the stars all the way up until the day he was shot down. While being the youngest and first Roman Catholic president, John F. Kennedy always motivated and encouraged America to strive for the best. Until a horrible silence struck the American people, he was removed from society in 1963. There were many believed causes regarding Kennedy’s death. There is the belief that Oswald shot him as a lone gun man. There are also other theories that state that there could have been more thanRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassination Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Kennedy Assassination President John F. Kennedy was travelling along a predetermined motorcade route in Dallas, Texas when he was fatally shot, receiving wounds to the chest, back, and head. Shortly after the assassination, Dallas police arrested former U.S. Marine Corps Private Lee Harvey Oswald. On November 24 of the same year, Jack Ruby, owner of a Dallas nightclub, shot Oswald. Less than a year after the two murders, on September 24, 1964, the Warren CommissionRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). The assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1376 Words   |  6 PagesHarvey Oswald and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963 (Jennings), a day that changed American history, and a day that’s events still haunt the nation of freedom and liberty. Whether it be Jacqueline Kennedy’s pained cries or the hoodless limousine, a piece of this day in history lies in every American’s mind. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America (Bugliosi 11), to this day has several conspiracies, someRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreEssay on The Mystery of the JFK Assassination816 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mystery of the JFK Assassination The assassination of JFK affected the lives of many that were alive during his presidency and forever impacted history. His assassination is shrouded in mystery, and to this day no one knows exactly what happened. He was the youngest elected president, and the youngest president to die in office. JFK was many things. Among these, he was the youngest president, youngest president to die in office, and the first Roman Catholic president (Merriam Websters). SinceRead MoreConspiracy Theories Related to the Assassination of John F. Kennedy1200 Words   |  5 PagesOn the 22nd of November 1963, the 35th president of the United States of America, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime, but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before he could be taken to trial. The Warren Commission officially determined that Oswald was the lone assassin, however, this conclusion has not been accepted by many. In fact, a 2003 poll reported that 75% of Americans do not believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted

Corporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) - 978 Words

The idea of a perfectly clear and all-encompassing definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been much deliberated and remains controversial. The research of Marrewijk (2013, p.95) elaborated on the significance of this ongoing debate among academics, consultants and corporate executives which results in creating, supporting and criticising of different concepts. This essay will illuminate CSR principles, consider different definitions and concepts and relate it to my definition. Furthermore, it supports the argument of companies’ interest in CSR only for profit maximisation. Notably, Milton Friedman (2002) argued the desideratum of any other social responsibility for businessmen other than that of making maximum profits for their stockholders to exist when he clearly stressed: ‘Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible’ (p.133). He also reasoned the unavailability of determinant factors of such social responsibilities, taking into account that it is neither efficient nor reliable to enforce nebulous social responsibilities on corporations. Consequently, critics opine that the concept of CSR is inimical to sound business practices and strays away from the basics of wealth creation (Clement-Jones, 2005; Murray, 2005; Jamli and Sidani, 2008). These academics feel businesses should involveShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words   |  7 PagesSoc ial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CSR has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environmentRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility1598 Words   |  7 Pages CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by many groups like, Tata steel, Coca Cola, Reliance, Videocon etc. Although they all stand for similar meanings connecting to taking responsibilities of the society as a business individual, its definition has been getting broader from a established point of view, corporate social responsibility is a type of business instruction included in a business demonstration. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesCSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and progra ms of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporation’s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into public’s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and provide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowen’s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words   |  6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. 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In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to a

History of The Mackinac Bridge Free Essays

Since Nov. 1, 1957, when the Mackinac Bridge opened to public traffic, the iconic symbol has stood as solemn testimony to mankind’s engineering abilities. The Mackinac Bridge is made up of more than one million tons of concrete and steel. We will write a custom essay sample on History of The Mackinac Bridge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its towers rise 552 feet above the Straits of Mackinac and reach 210 feet below the waves. From May 7, 1954, until late fall of 1957, about 3,500 laborers worked in and over the Straits of Mackinac constructing the bridge. The project cost the lives of 5 men. In addition, 7,500 people labored in offsite job shops and quarries from Duluth, Minn., to Pittsburgh, welding, forging and assembling steel, mining rock and mixing concrete. There was a total of 85,000 blueprints printed for the construction of the Mackinac Bridge.Construction began on the bridge on May 7, 1954, following years of debate on how to best cross the Straits of Mackinac. Everything from a tunnel to a series of causeways, tunnels and bridges going from Cheboygan to Bois Blanc Island to Round Island to Mackinac Island finally ending in St. Ignace- before a single suspension bridge with two towers was ultimately chosen. This was made possible because of Steinman’s experience with other bridge projects, with it prompted him to encourage private financing for the Mackinac Bridge. The bridge was financed through a unique bond sale that covered its $100 million cost without using state or public funding. The bonds sold to pay for the Mackinac Bridge were retired July 1, 1986. To anchor the 100 million gross tons of the Mackinac Bridge, man-made mountains were required to be built in 88 feet of water. The anchor blocks- piers 17 and 22-were to become the beginning and end of the world’s longest suspended span to date. The harbor at St. Ignace became the home base for Merritt-Chapman and Scott’s marine construction equipment, regarded in 1954 as the largest gathering of its type ever assembled for a civilian project. St. Ignace was the location for land-based construction of the giant steel foundations and bridge support pieces. Decompression sickness, or â€Å"the bends,† was a constant threat to the safety of the divers who worked in the extremely cold, deep water of the straits. Commonly told among school children an ironworker who lost his footing fell to his death. It’s said he landed in newly poured concrete, where his body lies today, preserved beneath the bride connecting the two peninsulas of Michigan. While historians say no iron, worker is encased in concrete, five people did die in accidents related to construction of the bridge. One died when he surfaced too quickly, a welder died when he fell into an underwater retaining structure, a worker fell from a short distance into the water and drowned, and two others fell 550 feet from a catwalk near the North tower, according to the authorities. Of the two workers who fell from the catwalk, one body was recovers immediately and the other was never found. Mackinac Bridge workers, like many workers involved in an intense high-stakes project, enjoyed a special camaraderie that they still speak of today. There was a feeling of togetherness, of them all being in the same situation, and of beating the odds. There was also a concern for each-others safety and welfare, with many of the men becoming lifelong friends. A new record for underwater consolidation of concrete was set in the spring of 1955, when work resumed after a long winter of ice and snow. During the 31 days of May that year, 103,000 cubic yards of concrete were poured into foundations of the Mackinac Bridge. A final step before the cables were encased in a protective piping was a coat the wire in a corrosive-resistant, â€Å"red-lead† paste. This was done to protect against rust and corrosion, two factors which could seriously compromise the integrity of the suspension system. The coating was a terrific success, as annual inspections done by removing the piping reveal little to no damage done by the forces of nature. Besides the main suspension span, the Mackinac Bridge is really constructed of a series of smaller, conventional bridges that would span many wide, formidable rivers and gorges. The building of these linked spans took place for the most part on land. All the work was done within sight of ferryboat passengers, crossing for the last 35-minute trips before they would be able to drive across the new route in less than 10 minutes. Michigan’s miracle Bridge was becoming a reality. Workers were issued a safety helmet complete with miner’s light and a life jacket for the boat trip out to the job site. Beyond that, all they took along was their lunch. The men would then leave the lifejackets on board for the next crew, disregarding the fact that they were working around very deep water that could be extremely cold. The general highway approach to the bridge was being formed at Mackinaw City, where a viaduct took the highway over the villages main street, Central Avenue. The date was July 22, 1957, and inclement weather delayed the raising of the final piece of Dr. David B. Steinman’s geometric puzzle to conquer the Straits of Mackinac. That evening, the last section was raised and bolted into place, connecting the steel of a bridge that would tie Michigan together as a state. All suspension bridges are designed to move to accommodate wind, temperature change, and weight. Thanks to the open grating installed on the middle two lanes of the Mackinac Bridge, the design flexes easily when necessary. Wind water and snow easily passes through the grates surface. The completed tollbooth and administration building were readied just in time for occupancy before the Mackinac Bridge opened for business. The last job to get the Mackinac Bridge ready for traffic was to coat the concrete traffic lanes with a layer of bituminous asphalt, completed only days before the official opening. Tolls have always been a staple of the bridge to offset the costs of construction and maintenance. Opened on Nov. 1, 1957, tolls were set at $3.25 per passenger vehicle. In 1961, tolls rose to 3.50 and again to $3.75, where they stayed until 1969, when the Legislature passed funding for the authority and tolls were lowered to $1.50 for a passenger vehicle. The cost for traversing the bridge remained at $1.50 until 2005, when it was raised to $2.50, because of increased maintenance costs, Sweeney said. The Mackinac bridge is the third-longest suspension bridge in the world behind the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan at 12,826 feet between suspensions and the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark at 8,921 feet. Both bridges opened in 1998. At 8,614 feet between suspensions, the Mackinac Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Western Hemisphere. The total length of the Bridge 28,372 feet. It links Mackinac City in the Lower Peninsula. At just over five miles, the bridge is long enough to cause some trouble for crossing motorists who fail to fill up their gas tanks before crossing. To keep the bridge looking pristine, workers spend countless hours and use myriad gallons of paint. â€Å"Every year we use around 50,000 gallons for spot painting,† said Sweeney. Of the paint used each year, 45,000 gallons of green is used on the lower sections and cables, while 5,000 of ivory is used on the structures. Because of an $80 million maintenance plan, the 50-year-old structure is expected to have an infinite lifespan. Overhead highway lighting was installed to make nighttime crossings of the bridge safe and enjoyable. The bridge lighting could be seen for miles from either the Mackinaw City or St. Ignace shores, and cable lighting provided a further distinctive accent. One thing that bridge workers did not do before the bridge opened was paint it. The construction schedule dictated a November opening, and painters needed warmer temperatures before they could begin the big job of painting such a large structure.On November 1, 1957, traffic officially opened on the Mackinac Bridge. A huge story, the event attracted 150 newspaper men from throughout Michigan and neighboring states that included Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, New York, and Ontario. Only a comparative few of the thousands of people attending the celebration were able to watch the dedication of the Mackinac Bridge, held at pier 22, the north anchor block of the bridge, on June 28, 1958. It was there that a five-mile length of ribbon was stretched from Mackinaw City at the south end and from the St. Ignace shore to the north. The Mackinac Bridge began celebrating the first year it was open by offering the public a chance to walk across the span. The event started as a race-walking activity, but soon became popular with thousands who wanted to return the following year and bring their friends with them. On May 9, 2003, the highest wind speed ever recorded on the bridge occurred at 4:08 p.m. The anemometer read 124 miles per hour.Area: Bridge sparks questions, myths. Keywords used to find article: News paper articles on Mackinac Bridge. Found at the local library. Published in Lansing. Authors are Michael Carney and Capital News Service. It was published Monday, February 26th, 2007. The purpose this source serves for my topic. Gives important dates such as when construction started on the bridge, also goes into detail about the tolls and amounts for crossing the bridge. Michael Carney writes about the work of the Mackinac Bridge. The structure of the document would be an informative news paper article. Works Cited: Carney, Michael. â€Å"Area Bridge Sparks Questions, Myths.† The Mining Journal [Lansing] 26 Feb. 2007: 3A. Print. Images of America Mackinac Bridge. Keywords used to find book: History of the Mackinac Bridge. Found at Public Library. Published by Arcadia Publishing Charleston SC, Chicago IL; Portsmouth NH, San Francisco CA. Author Mike Fornes. Published in 2007. The purpose this source serves me is it gives me the history for both the bridge and everyone who helped to build it. Works Cited: Fornes, Mike. Mackinac Bridge. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2007. Print. Area: Model Marks ‘Big Mac’s’ 50th year. Looked up News paper articles on the Mackinac Bridge at the local library. Published in Farwell. I could not find an Author. Published in 2007. The information I pulled from this source help make my introduction to my essay with just enough to get the reader to question what all I was going to go into detail about. Works Cited: â€Å"Area Model Marks ‘Big Mac’s’ 50th year.† The Mining Journal [Farwell] 28 May. 2007: 3A. Print. How to cite History of The Mackinac Bridge, Papers

Nanotoxicology

Question: Write about Nano toxicology including these mechanisms of toxicity Nanomaterial Uptake, Translocation, and Intracellular? Answer: Nanotoxicology is a branch of toxicology/nanotechnology that deals with the study of adverse effects or toxicity of nanomaterials. The term Nanotoxicology was proposed by Donaldson to address the problems likely to be caused by nanoparticles. It includes the study of interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems (cells, fluids and tissues) at nanoscale level (Gallud Fadeel, 2015, 143). On the basis of this interaction, a relationship between physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles can be established which further leads to the induction of toxicological responses. Thus, nanotoxicology helps to understand and assess the possible health risks which are associated with the use of nanoparticles. It has been reported that there are several factors that contribute to toxicological side effects of nanoparticles or nanotoxicity such as the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, nano particle size, large surface area, flexible structure and chemical composition as well as the shape (Khanna et al., 2015, 1165). Hence, it is important that nanoparticles are evaluated for their toxicity so as to determine whether and to what extent are they posing a threat to human beings and environment. Nanoparticle-associated toxicities results due to changes in the structural and physicochemical properties which leads to changes in biological activities and includes Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, changes in cell signalling and cell function, genetic damage and apoptosis/or necrosis (cell death). The molecular mechanisms behind the toxicity of nanoparticles can be explained as: The uptake of nanomaterials by human beings can occur through several routes such as via respiratory system, circulatory system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, dermal routes and others (inhalation, oral ingestion, injection). For instance, oral ingestion of nanoparticles can lead to their translocation to the central nervous system and hence, these nanoparticles can further accumulate in the brain and can disrupt the normal metabolism ultimately leading to brain toxicity and brain damage. Also, use of cosmetic products that contains nanoparticles for example, sunscreens can lead to dermal exposure and entry of nanoparticles and their further intracellular distribution as well as accumulation in various organs (Khanna et al., 2015, 1166). Nanomaterials can also lead to oxidative stress through production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and is one of the major causes of nanotoxicity. The induction of Reactive oxygen species by nanomaterials is primarily due to the pre sence of pro-oxidant functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles and due to the interaction between the cell and nanoparticles. The generation of Reactive oxygen species in excess can cause cell damage, DNA damage, chromosomal fragmentation, breakage in DNA strand and genetic mutations (Manke et al., 2013, 7). The induction of ROS response immediately results in activation and initiation of pro-inflammatory responses as well as multiple signalling cascades such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways also gets activated. Activation of these pathways leads to the transcription and expression of number of pro-inflammatory genes. Such inflammatory responses further lead to the decrease in the membrane potential of mitochondria and can even lead to the destruction of mitochondria sometimes. Increased levels of lipid peroxide are also observed along with decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities. This alters the normal cell fu nctioning and cell metabolism. This in turn can lead to cell apoptosis and/or cell death (Farhan et al., 2014, 472). Therefore, ROS generation and oxidative stress is one of the primary mechanisms contributing to the toxicity of nanoparticles or nanotoxicity and can act as an inducer for a series of events like inflammation, cell injury, damage to cell membranes and cell organelles as well as DNA, apoptosis/necrosis. However, the exact mechanism behind nanoparticle-mediated toxicity needs to be explored and studied in order to reduce the toxicological side effects of nanomaterials. References Farhan, Mohd., Khan, Imran., and Thiagarajan, Padma. Nanotoxicology and its Implications. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 5, no. 1 (2014): 470-479. Gallud, Audrey., and Fadeel, Bengt. Keeping it small: towards a molecular definition of nanotoxicology. European Journal of Nanomedicine 7, no. 3 (2015): 143-151, DOI 10.1515/ejnm-2015-0020. Khanna, Puja., Ong, Cynthia., Bay, Boon Huat., and Baeg, Gyeong Hun. Nanotoxicity: An Interplay of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Cell Death. Nanomaterials 5, (2015): 1163-1180, doi:10.3390/nano5031163. Manke, Amruta., Wang, Liying., and Rojanasakul, Yon. Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity. BioMed Research International, (2013): 1-15.